Thus, it is clear that synecdoches (a part representing the whole) are not acceptable because they are not objects, rather they are symbolic representations, such as the one mentioned in the question. She does not have the power within herself to restore health itself, but she can establish the conditions where nature restores the health required for the patient i.e. However, its not impossible that in the future we could find out a long lost document might be found that mentions his birth, so Shakespeares true date of birth is not unknowable, just unknown. We call these facts, but they are facts only within the system that allows them to be seen as such. This can be linked to the theme of technology and language where we might have a wide idea about the information discussed but are unable to specify state that information. But as Aristotle once said: For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.. To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. That which is animate is also included here in this determination of being as object: nothing distinguishes humans from other animals or species (Darwins Origin of Species). Werner Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist who worked closely with the Danish physicist Niels Bohr in the 1920s. For something to be knowable, we would have to have a precise definition. Unknowable Thing: In mathematics, there are true things that cant be proved true and we dont know what they are. The number PI is a ratio of a circuit of a circle and its diameter. It was the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language (and, thus, our English language) and their conception of a thing as a subject (subjectum) with accidents (qualities, what we experience of the thing through sensory perception). How can we judge when evidence is adequate? The same if you double a positive, whole number you get a corresponding even number, so there must be the same number. the soul that is not prepared for it and does not possess genuine education. Throughout human history we considered much knowledge to be unknowable. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. What the light of a project reveals are possibilities captured in the interpretation. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. This choice of images or objects is your own, but the truth and knowledge in the representational thinking regarding their relation to each other will not be of your doing or making. The products of Microsoft may indeed have once belonged to Bill Gates, but the knowledge that brought about those products he has taken possession of, and that knowledge and its truth is present to everyone. Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. If one follows through on this distinction between ignorance and madness, one can see that a great deal of madness is prevalent today in advanced societies. Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. One of the greatest ways to derail the otherwise normal events of a person's day is to present them with a mystery. 10. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). But our word virtue which for the Greeks meant the manliness of a man has come to mean the chastity of a woman. This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. The mathematically provable idea that something exists but is unknowable has clear philosophical and theological implications. The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. They are multiversities because their domains of knowledge exist within various world-pictures. Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. How many positive, even numbers are there? This is another mind bender proved by Alan Turing. Fortunately the Greeks had no experiences Hence they did not believe that the point of art is to provide them. (Heidegger). The seeing is not based on science as the seeing is outside the purview of science. Current knowledge and historical knowledge is shown through the transition and transformation of language: language addresses itself to human beings in words that conceal the genuine face of Being. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. reasons for maintaining accurate and coherent records legal requirements; martha stewart almond wedding cake recipe. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. Ethical obligations were called rendering what was due to some thing or another. in the highest sense not experimental. What do these choices indicate? For prompt 2, youve stated that the concept of added value in economics could also be an object for this prompt. Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. as an object. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. 30. Objects that are not generic, should be within a specific date and time and have a strong relation to the real world. The USA is going through some deep conflicts at the moment in that its Constitution begins with We hold these truths to be self-evident But its sciences illustrate that there are no self-evident truths and that what are believed to be self-evident truths are coming into conflict with the conveniences that have been revealed and desired through their technology, the tendencies towards autocratism and fascism being two examples . Since Descartes, the experience of human beings is as an I that relates to the world such that it renders this world to itself in the form of connections correctly established between its representations i.e. Real numbers include all the fractions, irrational numbers (such as pi) and whole numbers (positive or negative). Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. In establishing the framework for what can be considered knowledge in our age, axioms or archai, principles, rules, laws, etc. While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. Another, more advanced level, is to recognize that other beings exist, each their information about the world. Even when we have a theory explained in hindsight from an event that we take as a priori, neglecting at the same time the fact that the probability of this event to happen again is near zero. What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. This need for the surety of what some thing is gives rise to our preference for mathematical calculus as that which represents knowledge in modernity. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. The handing over of knowledge is done through language and this language may be in the form of speech, numbers, or images/representations. | Get an A in TOK Get an A in TOK 2.92K subscribers Subscribe 9.8K views 1 year. Photo of market collapse in 2008 from the Times magazine. It is this that we call understanding. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. Logos is a reckoning that orients ourselves to some other thing i.e. The Greeks had a saying: The future comes to meet us from behind and it is this future that is encapsulated in the historical development of the knowledge that preceded it. Chaitins constant is the probability that a random computer program will halt. They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. It becomes something subjective. The Latin words reor and ratio represent the sort of orienting and conforming that is a reckoning, a counting on, and this is why the Roman word ratio came to translate the Greek word. Pi is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. The concreteness of the Exhibition itself is a product of your work and you will provide the first order descriptions of the images and things you have chosen. You might begin by examining how the word values is itself an example of the great change that occurred during that period we call the Renaissance when human beings became the centre of the things that are, with the consequence that we have the rise of the age of humanism. In active experience, we go forth to look for something. The principle of reason operates in any and every statement that we make about things i.e. It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. This is a problem in the philosophy of mathematics. We can see its relation to what is now called algorithms. This type of speaking in under great threat in todays world. Do we really know what we mean when we say counts? (LogOut/ The development of the media from the Gutenberg press to modern social apps and the consequences of these developments is certainly a topic or theme that can be addressed here. Consider the theorem that all skunks are black and white. For example, no-one knows when Shakespeare was born (although we do know when he was baptized). We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. The a priori is not true or correct beyond the project which it helps to define: The a priori is the title for what we believe is the essence of things i.e. 2. To put these into context, the smallest of them (the googol) is still much bigger than the number of particles in the universe (around 10^87). The philosophical problem is about the lack of knowledge when it comes to rare events that never happened before. Cat in a box by chispita_666, CC BY 2.0. He had no thought that he was escaping from Poland he left his children behind thinking he would be returning soon. 7. The sign is what is referred to as a tautology. 109 likes, 1 comments - Alexander Gray Associates (@alexandergrayassociates) on Instagram: "Valeska Soares created "Epilogue" in 2017, a variant on her iconic large . With its articulation, the modern age bursts into blossom. It is an important element in the seeing place implied in the word theory and is that which one must rise above (according to Plato in the allegory of the Cave and Simone Weil in her writings) and yet remain, at the same time, rooted to (the return of the released prisoner in the allegory of the Cave). Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe. Our science as the theory of the real is just such a belief. The projecting of analogies or models is part of the erecting of a framework from which you will demonstrate how you have viewed the objects/images present and show them in a new light (possibly) to others. The modern experiment essentially involves exact measurement. fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). We wish to possess knowledge that is beyond any doubt.The techneof both the engineers who designed the snow tire and of the surgeon who will perform the surgery are features of the kind of knowledge that we rely on when we have a desired end in view, be it our own safety while driving on the road or our own health. What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge? To count can be understood as what is a priori in the project, such as your Exhibition itself. Your email address will not be published. 12. Other connotations of the word imply some things importance or value such as a disputed goal in football where we say the goal counts i.e. How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. 9. According to some theories, there exist levels of consciousness3 that we are able to measure. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. In my exhibition I have presented three objects . It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. 1 Trimmer, John D. (1980). TOK Exhibition Prompts List 1. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. Neither of these two AOKs are systems in the true understanding of that word and are rather interpretations of what Westerners see and how they account for the beings as a whole and for their understanding of those beings. To experiment is where we intervene in something to see what happens: if we do such and such, only now we do so in anticipation of regularity, e.g. There are many examples from the medical professions. It was normal for people to think that way, as we tend to simplify matters. Will humans stop being considered conscious? Our imposition on nature to bring about any ends that we may have in view presents us with challenges and dangers that are most difficult to understand and to overcome. Objects are shorn of their essences and regarded as mere individuals (or ones/units) conforming to mathematical regularities. On what grounds might we doubt a claim? This isn't just my opinion - this is according to accepted theory. The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. Einstein, for example, has been quite clear that it was not reason only that brought about his theory of relativity but that imagination played a great part in its final coming-to-be. Before becoming a drug dealer, he was involved in car theft, illegal cigarette sales, and tombstone theft. [With Downloads!] They may sometimes be understood as inner states, activities and processes that we are aware of or live through, but do not usually make objects of introspection or reflection. will be choices that individuals in the future will have to make with the know-how that they have. When we ask what counts as knowledge, the language of the question should surprise us. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Design a site like this with WordPress.com. On what grounds might we doubt a claim? Our understandings and interpretations of our experiences are, for the most part, culturally determined and this is what we have come to call shared knowledge. With our current technology, another beings consciousness is definitely unknowable, but with the scientific progression, in the future we may define this term differently, so it could be unknowable with that technology. The purpose for this writing on these prompts is to provoke thought regarding our understanding of what the key concepts contained in the prompts might mean. A world-picture is usually a theoretical view of the external world, while a world-view is essentially a view of life, a view of our position and place in the world and how we should act (our lifestyle and the ethics that arise from that lifestyle). What counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. Understanding is prior to interpretation. So, bearing this in mind, come back to the present day there might be true things about the universe that we can never know. is. He has been a guest speaker on numerous national radio and television stations and is a five time published author. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). This is called perfection. The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. Unspecified object, no matter what. 31. In fact, you can split sets into two types those that contain themselves and those that dont. The essence of human beings is reason. The German philosopher Kant grounded this viewing in his Critique of Pure Reason. This reckoning is the procedure of doctors making their diagnoses regarding what is required in restoring health to a patient. This object has been included in the exhibition because it shows that some things can happen without anyone in presence, know what actually happened. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. What we call knowledge involves truth and judgement. Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. of mathematics and the sciences begin with the permanent things, the unchanging things and therefore are less subject to interpretation. We may all have private experiences that are unique to us and that we consider knowledge, but unless they are shared with others, we cannot be secure that they are knowledge. Technology, understood as the principle of sufficient reason, is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. Withoutphronesisone develops misperceptions of things. Technology is that violence that is asserted upon nature which demands reasons for a beings being the way it is. This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. Whats crazy about it (actually, one of a few things), is that there is a different constant for each program, so there is an infinite number of values for this constant which is usually shown as a Greek omega (). You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. 20. In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. What features of knowledge have an impact on its reliability? These questions are embedded in our understanding of causality and in our cognition through our search for reasons to understand why a thing is the way it is. In your Exhibition you will bring your knowledge to bear on the relations of the objects or images that you will choose to exhibit and demonstrate their connectedness to each other. An exact science leads to an exact machine technology. the book answered prayers, and scratch card are my other objects! is kelly o'donnell related to norah o'donnell We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? This can make things unknowable. However, according to our best theories and predictions, we will never know everything about the universe. You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. Since this is its concern, it is subject to interpretation. looking forward to your comments. There must be a corresponding relation or reality of the book, the table and the books place on the table. If it does, then it shouldnt be in the set, but if it doesnt, then it should. Its easier to consider something unknowable than to find that knowledge, thus we often hastily recognise something as unknowable, even though its not. This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. 26. Knowledge is ever increasing, and often it seems to increase by leaps and bounds. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. 1 a) Choose the IA prompts from the list of prescribed IA prompts (see below). What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. In summary, the theorem shows that you cant prove mathematics consistent using just mathematics (youd have to use a meta-language). Ignorance is rooted in unfamiliarity, not having seen something or other yet appearing to oneself and to others as if one did know it. Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. This collapses the superposition and the cat falls into one of the two possible states. Just to make things a little clearer an integer is a whole number (1, 2, 3 etc), and for smaller integers, its easy to define them in words: The square of 2= 4 In determining the importance of the various tools that you may be choosing for your Exhibition, you will be making what is called a first order claim. Deformity of the soul is characterized by the movement of the soul towards something which it has established as its aim, the scope in the soul where the aim is sighted, but the individual soul is inadequate to the aim; it is unfitted or not suitable to the aim such as seen in the play Macbeth once again. According to . His children survived the war and they were reunited in 1946, although most of his extended family were killed by the German occupiers. The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. Some things are simply unknowable. Only the completeness of the account, perfection, provides the evidence for the fact that every cognition everywhere and at all times can include and count on the objects and reckon with them. There are lots of things we dont know; personally Im a veritable cornucopia of ignorance. It may be personal, expressing ones own particular life-experience and opinions (ones personal knowledge), or total, extinguishing all personal opinions (shared knowledge). If we speak of technology, the products of technology, our computers, hand phones, military hardware and logistics, these are all examples of the principle of reasons striving for perfectibility. Knowledge as it is defined in the Oxford Dictionary involves facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. The disclosure of things is prior to our human judgmental truth. Certainly, any sane person will see the improvements in various technes or arts and crafts as improvements in knowledge. Technologys essence is that it is the theory that determines the practice. The idea of the black swan revolves around three main characteristics; it has to be a surprise, the event has a major effect and after the first recorded instance of the event, it is rationalized by hindsight. But we need to remember that not everything that we consider today as unknowable is in fact unkowable, it can be just not discovered yet. Levels of Consciousness and Self-Awareness: A Comparison and Integration of Various Views. Most of these are mathematical; Ive tried to make it as nontechnical as possible apart from anything else, Im no mathematician so Ive tried to dumb it down enough so that I can understand it. He was born Alfred Teitelbaum in 1901. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: The scholars dig up what they themselves buried. Every even number is the sum of two primes.. When I learnt the theorem, it was suggested that the famous Fermats Last Theorem might be such a true thing that cant be proved true, but that was spoiled as an example when Andrew Wiles proved it true in 1995. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. All dissemination of knowledge is, in one form or another, political since it deals with the community or the polis. The connection with life and the human sciences is explicit: Starting from life itself as a whole, human scientists try to understand its lived experiences in their structural and developmental inter-connections.We must be careful and wary of the notion of experiencing. As the philosopher Kant said: The mind makes the object. A world-picture, on the other hand, comes from the German Weltbild, a picture [BiId] of the world. Unknowable Thing: There are numbers that cant be computed. Object 1: Pterodactyl Fossil Identification: My first object is this is a pterodactyl fossil found by a fossil hunter in the Sandown Bay on the Isle of Wight, UK. The main problem that you will be faced with in this prompt is that it is so broad that a focus is required, and you can begin to do so by looking at how values and beliefs changed in any number of areas of knowledge. Opinion is an orientation towards things as they would show themselves to a correct investigation and examination.
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