The other is a system in which the members are recruited equally strictly on the basis of genealogical generations. Then they had to build a traditional hut known as galma especially on a free and fresh area. >3 w%Q2]H==\SZHSC3HJx{ e#ggm RvPuE2@+1oB2\$kWvctwF~EhJ6p,? Each luba consists of all of the sons in another particular class. However, among the Boran,it is commonly known as gogessa (Gadaa-cycles) and they are named as the first , the second , the third , the fourth and the fifth Gadaa cycles (gogeessa tokkoffa , gogeessa lammaffa, gogeessa sadaffa , gogeessa afraffa and gogeessa shanaffa). He is a councilor representing his clan like the rest of the councilors with the same and equal vote and authority when a decision is to be made. The president was called the Abba boku. Married Borana men look in their direction from afar, as they water the camels. Nobody is above the rule of law in Oromo democracy. This article is about East African ethnic group. Herds of cattle or camels were not allowed to go there unless there was an extremely severe drought. Between the third and fourth Gadaa grades, boys become adolescent and initiated into taking serious social responsibilities. Legesse[24] has written that Gadaa is "one of the most astonishing and instructive turns the evolution of human society has taken". 0000002248 00000 n The purpose of these activities is to first make the members of the grade be aware of their class and peer group. The Gadaa assembly takes place under a sycamore tree, symbolically representing its emphasis on dialogue and consensus. The transition rituals by which the genealogical social group (the sons) passes from one grade to the next is performed every eight years during the life cycle. Put it differently, the generational aspect comes in with the moment of initiation, whereby a male, along with his brothers (who belong to the same class as he himself), gets introduced to the system in chronological accord with the life-course timing and set belonging to his father. Indigenous democratic system of governance used by Oromo people, Asmarom Legesse, "Gadaa: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society", 1973, Asmarom Legesse, "Oromo Democracy: an Indigenous African Political System", 2006, Donald Levine, "Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society", 1974, Z. Sirna, "Ethiopia: When the Gadaa Democracy Rules in a Federal State", 2012, "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo", "Sustaining generations of Indigenous voices: Reclaiming language and integrating multimedia technology", "The Gadaa System and Some of Its Institutions among the Booranaa: A Historical Perspective", "A heroic send-off for Aliyi Cirri, a pioneer Oromo freedom fighter whose courage and bravery inspired generations", "The Gada sysytem; full Dimocratical politics of Oromo;71stBorana BalliHand overing Day Febrawary 2009/20017:The Gada of Kura Jarso", "Gada System inscribed in UNESCO as Intangible World Heritage", "The 2015 Commemoration of Odaa-Bultum (One of the Major Oromo Gadaa System's Administrative Centers)", "A Journey to Revitalizing Gadaa at Odaa Hullee: Tracing Jimma University's Unwavering Commitment", "A Future Gaze: Gadaa Oriented Constitutional Structure for Oromia", "Waa'ee Gadaa wantoota beekuu qabdan shan", "BitGadaa | Futuristic African Democracy", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadaa&oldid=1131025659, Articles with dead external links from December 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. @ gad&Cv7pc[D.~"= vadR,sH!~(lS=5nTy %MtaZ,q'I32#N+ ~t6>Es){6?9d(HDx&Axdy[?T ` L(M? |+x#nADbiCg_ SC^Y|s+WR?bry06NRIQ#kE>MOwVMIVui0CjWP!]z+*UrP% 6iy^?haM?S*p]vo+SRX'u?0TRp4r";o_YJ9PXEL' H+wdXp+AuH>NrKIz8}OcN;vcXpg e$ The Gadaa System is a system of generation segments or Gadaa classes that succeeded each other every eight years in assuming political, military, judicial, legislative and ritual responsibilities. On the other hand, it allows the Boran people to watch the performance and credibility of the elected (de facto) leaders. QSLBe3x\y+eOkh-5EU/ Borana. The Gadaa system is an indigenous egalitarian democratic system practised among the Oromo nation of East Africa. Therefore, the Boran did arrange a pragmatic system for the sons of elders by allowing them to be treated as equals despite differences in their ages. 0000009706 00000 n Only those between 32-40 years are allowed to be part of this special Borana Defense Forces. Each one of the eleven Gadaa grades equally bears eight-year periods and they are based on genealogical generations. Major Oromo clans have established the centers of their Gadaa at several places based on their territorial settlement. 1 0 obj Broadly speaking, the age-set system of social organization is common to east African indigenous peoples. Borana Gadaa leaders embroiled in Kenya's dirty politics. This begins when sons join the system as members of Gadaa class (generation class or set) forty years after their fathers and continue passing from one Gadaa grade to the next every eight years. 0000025790 00000 n Third, it is also part of the ceremony to plant a flag made from white and red colored garment called a (baqqalaa faajjii) (a white flag). That is, unlike the case of junior gamme the senior gamme will be constituted into two institutions: age sets and Gada class. The class forms its own internal officials (adula hayyus) and its own assembly (yaaaa). In this example, we have an age requirement, genealogical relationship, and moiety. namely the Gada class or the Warra Bora. Boranas also have special warriors that defend the community from any enemies. They were the Gada class or the Warra Bora. According to the Oromo worldview, all are established by divine will. Amongst the Borana, the people would hold elections to elect a new crop of leaders every eight years according to tradition. The society was structured into two distinct but cross-cutting system of the peer group. Age grouping is combined with a generational mode of recruitment, in that a son gets introduced to a specific set correlated to the set of his father, and subsequently changes his status every eight years a member of his generation-set. The two groups then become cross-linked, cross-cutting, structural units that operate as complementary institutions so long as they are both represented by living members. Hence based on the variants they are established on Age-sets may be divided into two: elementary age-sets and complex or advanced age-sets. They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. 0000001178 00000 n However, given the length of the waiting years (to become de jure leader) factors such as natural (health) and human (wars) may contribute to the death of some of the councilors. The assembly had the president, two vice presidents and six other very important officials who run the Borana administration. Gadaa effectively enforced a gender-based division of labor in Oromo society, although it allowed two equally important separate and interdependent economic domains. cyclic but neither in a sense of reincarnation nor is it a closed cycle. [2][3][4], Under Gadaa, every eight years, the Oromo would choose by consensus nine leaders known as Salgan yaii Borana (the nine Borana assemblies). The Borana is one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo people.They live in the Borena Zone of the Oromia Region and Liben Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia, former Northern Frontier District of Northern Kenya,Tana River in the former coast province of Kenya and also in central Somalia.Boranas living in Kenya and Ethiopia speak a dialect of Oromo and those living in central Somalia share . Each of the semi-retired Gadaa grades bears eight years period and in sum covers thirty-two years (i.e. That is, in principle, a son always enters the system exactly forty years (i.e. Second, it also makes senior gamme acquire/share experiences with one another for future collective responsibilities. age, initiation, interval, and size) the more it gets complicated. That is a son gets introduced to a specific Gadaa grade, which correlates to the Gadaa class of his father, and subsequently changes his grade every eight years as a member of his cohort. The five Gadaa parties have different names among Boorana, Maccaa-Tuulama, Arsii, Gujii and Ituu-Humbannaa.[22][23]. Moreover, while the former serve for eight years, the later serves only for a limited period of time. The Gadaa grades are recruited on the basis of genealogical generations. Accordingly, all semi-retired members belonging to all yuuba grades will attend the Gadaa General Assembly. Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand. The Borana is one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo people. Junior gamme is the second Gadaa grade that has to be established through transition rite. The members are recruited based on genealogical generations (2). @F% Hence, among the Borana, late-born sons of a man should be introduced to the same Gadaa grade as his brothers despite the difference in their age. The Abbaa Boku and his two colleagues are chosen from the oldest or most distinguished families, which are known as `families of Hayu. The principal function of the Abbaa Boku is to preside over the parliament to proclaim the laws, and to act when necessary as a ritual expert in the Gadaa-ceremonies. The Borana Oromo has a very prominent traditional system of governance-the Gada System. A futuristic, governance 2.0 project called BitGadaa[31] draws inspiration from the principles and structure of Gadaa. Any age-sets to be an institution and be functional shall have two, at least, invariants; that is, age plus the interval of initiation or any other elements. Dm7#E`{03A)]9\zzRuAS6y&0=> rcf>xO"32g|5qbmWg1K:n03{NL?eLg7f9B3M[6r|_ N!y"|wyWU}Iv)qmb?hQn4s?{y. RM HWJN1P - Kura Jarso the 71st Borana Oromo Abba gadaa in his house, Oromia, Yabelo, Ethiopia. In this respect, Asmarom draws that the Gadaa System was originally an age organization. Second, the group of men who are entering into the gadamojji grade is the fathers of the fifth Gadaa grade (the raba). 0000013216 00000 n One is a system in which the members of each class are recruited strictly on the basis of chronological age. Gada Harboora is considered to be the senior of the three assemblies and it is also the Gada assembly for all of the Borana society. Below this assembly was the Kenyan MCA equivalent, the councillors, Hayyus who made the less weighty decisions. Change). The Liiban Borana often refers to themselves as Sarkamtu. until they reach the sixth Gadaa grade). 0000001244 00000 n June 22, 2022; list of borana abba gada; alton funeral home; what is joel riley doing now . stream Friday 28 April, 2023 Horn Affairs News Articles Interviews For example, if a father belongs to the Gona moiety and he is at the fifth Gadaa grade and if he got a son at that stage, his son will be initiated to the same Gadaa class as a dabballe) like his father. (LogOut/ "0>MsaBTFcQi#Gx.l{`C&%51xx&O&6@|sr.Km/vilAMn.ak\o@$y*#+b %RJBL,pYeh:BvZ0U Z2UfJ.$9Ogv4R;5uWit!%|mF4,[I[iY_^ xvjkdk DCPh`Rk-AMPd lrdHW9+6Tu^"4rn'qMg*wLXfP5@=/7D9hl$?dVa]sbN>K'cN0F8Sq6-;,&%7C%1ZB[5n]zTkyK7Hpp5+wm!dgy32'$S3v]b^#'c:E!I+ TX,vXMX@7ui9Hu+"4y$6KhcmfDjx+,sx|MQU25bN\v6a0>-*rJ\]'.K jO}xbuw|u;a `YOvy%ni$rI}J1|!8 oFw{ ]R0 Whereas Gadaa grades are the phases of development through which the members pass. In the interpretation (conception) of the Gadaa system, there are several concepts that are understood differently by different scholars. <> Borana are polygamous, with a husband being the head of the family. The second meeting is after four years. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Design a site like this with WordPress.com, Jatani Ali Tandhu: Life & Legacy of a Borana Stateman - Medianorth, The Sakuye People and Their Origin - Medianorth, MCA condemn rape at Marsabit Referral Hospital, SPEECH BY H. E. ALAMITU JATTANI FIRST LADY, MARSABIT COUNTY DURING THE COMMEMORATION OF WORLD AIDS DAY HELD ON SATURDAY THE 1ST DECEMBER, 2018 AT LAISAMIS SUB-COUNTY HOSPITAL GROUNDS, Three arraigned in Court After an Attempt of Defrauding a Business Woman, Isiolo County Senator Dulo Holds a Workshop with Isiolo Residents, Man Accused of Rape at Marsabit Referral Hospital. Socially, Boranas were known to be very kind people especially to the visitors, a weakness that all these three colonial governments used to strip off them most of their ancestral heritages not limited to land, water sources, natural resources and top grazing areas. Across the dusty plains, under the shade of the acacia, six old men regard one another. In Western thought, the life cycle (which is bracketed by birth and death) time (which is well demarcated with mechanical devices and history (which is also mechanically recorded by chroniclers) are reasonably discrete phenomena. It is a brick that most indigenous peoples of East Africa use to organize and structure their society (based on age relatedness). in the fourth year of Abba Gadaas term office). The decisions made by the traditional councils also affected the use of natural resources. For example, according to Boran diction, the term Dulo dule signifies that the Gadaa class of Dulo (waging war and it was one of the five Gadaa classes) had conducted military expedition. However, its use of genealogical generations as its organizing elements makes it different and unique. Regarding persons with special responsibilities, the Abba Gadaa, the elected chairman of the class leadership presides over the assembly. Defining the term generation is not an easy task especially in a relation to its socio-political relevance for peoples responsibilities and rights characterization. Maakkala Abba Gada's assistants - messengers who help the hayyu to implement their tasks, particularly through keeping communications with the local communities, scattered throughout Borana land. Hence, there would not be direct competition among the five Gadaa parties, rather the competition would be among individuals within a party. The Borana are known by a generation set Organization, which is believed to guide every aspect of their life, called off the Gadaa system and Borana people are notable for their historic Gadda political system. Today we seem to have forgotten these important rules, and cattle invade and damage forests every dry season. [19], The Gadaa society was structured into peer groups based on chronological age or genealogical generation called Luba. However, for the purpose of this study, it refers to the intergenerational relationship but quite different from its common understandings. Years ago Boranas became Muslims, three time of three consecutive Abagadhas and goes back to fully to their tradition three consecutive Abagadhas after this. Gadamojjii (full retirement) is the terminal and sacred stage of the Gadaa grade refers to that are entering into or going out of the gadamojji Gadaa grade. His eyes still shine with the rigors of his youth. However, such perception, if any, is simply not right. Following the rite of passage, therefore, the junior gamme assume responsibilities such as looking after sheep and other simple duties. 0000013937 00000 n Hence, the executive officers may put pressure on the conscripts to accept the offer. The first and the most prominent figure is . First and foremost, one has to be clear that Gadaa class refers to the group of people who share the same status and who perform their rites of passage together. Gada Arboora The term or the name given to the first and most senior institution of one of the three institutional pillars of Gada (Yaa'a Gada Sadeenii) Gada Sadeenii (the three pillars of Gada) in Oromo-Borana Gada system that function together as a single body. That is, the father and the son cannot be in the same (first or second hemicycle) at the same time. In this regard, due to the rigidity of the Gadaa principle, the moment a member of the family fails to stick to the rules of timing for legitimate procreation, the whole generational chain is brought out of step. Furthermore, a de facto or de jure councilor may be removed from the office, because of lack of competence, though not limited to, through a procedure known as uprooting (buqqisuu) (The principle of uprooting is discussed in detail under chapter six of this thesis). The Borana people are notable for practicing Gadaa system without interruption especially those residing in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, a larger percentage of Boranas in Liban Zone of Somali region and those in central Somalia were Muslims, where as those living in Borena Zone of Ethiopia and those in Kenya majorly practicing Christian and Islamic religion, but few still hold purely to their culture especially those in Sakhu Constituency of Marsabit County. 0000006983 00000 n Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand. That is why the Dulo Gadaa class was likened to the vulture. The Abagadha and others of his age pass through an education system that will last for forty years after which he will take over the leadership as Abagadha. 4 0 obj Abba Gada, jaarsaa dheeda, jaarsaa reera, jaarsaa ardaa and abba olla. <>>> Moreover, Gada is transformed along radically different lines, what Asmarom calls a system of temporal differentiation of society having little to do with age. The late Jatani Ali Tandhu (Shaalaqa) was such a figure, born into a Borana family in southern [], [] Many identify themselves as Borana. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> For example, a thesis by Z. Sirna[29] entitled "Ethiopia: When the Gadaa Democracy Rules in a Federal State" explores how the system could be integrated with the contemporary federal structure of Ethiopia, serving as a governance mechanism for the Oromia Regional National State. A few of them are pulling at their scraggly white and ochre beards while nodding in agreement. That of vulture which presides over the spoil and quest (5). Obviously, this principle is ideal in a sense that most but not all Boran people do observe the rule. q@7EabWzk[5 \ra:;t Jv*6Vx\liFQ$,eW\81+gdq LV=wQ,/Rn9/?J &8,PD+- Q+7VcAu `KT9p]^) t>D]jK*Vs0eOJgL^`5.2'Lx/!*YtJ4T-tF5i@A;G /q8v<6_ |g[8U. The end of a discussion to issues was accepted without question and the Abba Muriti, the father of resolution was there to make sure of that. All Gadaa officials were elected for eight years by universal adult male suffrage. Abba Gada allows the Borana to estimate the stage their society has reached in its ritual progression through time (1973:188). It is, therefore, wrong to conceive the idea of retirement or leaving the office here as in the west where a person is relieved from his or her official duties and s/he cannot come back to leadership positions. The council men bow in reverence. He It was purely invented by the Oromo and it is one of the most remarkable political systems which was highly democratic with effective legislative and judicial institutions. 'n[o7?N Herds of cattle or camels were not allowed to go there unless there was an extremely severe drought. These parties have different names in different parts of Oromia as the result of Oromo expansion and the establishment of different autonomous administrative systems. The objectives of this study were to assess the status of tick infestation in relation to climate change, teats blinding and milk production and to estimate the economic losses caused as a result of the effect Second, in Boran Gadaa System there are five Gadaa classes that are basically cyclic (i.e. This was a very unusual moment in the Boran history of power transfer ceremonies. For Jalata, Gadaa represents "the totality of Oromo civilization". Boranas living in Kenya and Ethiopia speak a dialect of Oromo and those living in central Somalia share a dialect with Dirr communities of Somalia, a language that is closely related to both Borana Language and Somali Language. First, individuals who are leaving gadamojji grade are the fathers of the members of the sixth Gada grade (Gada class in power). In principle, the transfer of the power regularly takes place during the end-term of the Gadaa Council on power. The Abba Gadas: The Rich Ancient Borana Leadership System (2019) by Shujaa StoriesNational Museums of Kenya. Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand. They live in the Borena Zone of the Oromia Region and Liben Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia, former Northern Frontier District of Northern Kenya,Tana River in the former coast province of Kenya and also in central Somalia. The Abbaa Duulaa (the defense minister) was also one of the leading figures in the Gadaa government. Since the principle of five intervals stated hereinabove, in most cases, are not observed among the Boran people, children continue to be born (before the father reaches fifth Gadaa grade or after the father passed this stage). [11] It is the brainchild of Oromo from the Madda Walabu district of Oromia. The election of the Gadaa councilors takes place at the time when the rite of passage of the senior gamme to Kusa Gadaa grade takes place. This is the peak of the social and political career of Gadaa and the optimum age of having maturity skill and capacity of holding and practically showing societal responsibilities. He concludes that the Gadaa systems' technique of 'consensus through dialogue' is unique but firmly rooted in Western democratic norms, and thus well suited to adoption within Ethiopia's federally structured democracy. Following this ceremony the election (lallaba) process takes place. of the abba gada - can be held by either moiety. For instance, Haberland and Asmarom vary from the former model in that the fifth Gadaa grade (raba) takes five years and the seventh, eighth, ni1nth and tenth Gadaa grades (i.e. Below this assembly was the Kenyan MCA equivalent, the councillors, Hayyus who made the less weighty decisions. 0000001892 00000 n contact help me hank channel 7 However, what initiation, interval, and genealogical generations constitute is not clear. The first meeting takes place before they depart to different regions of Borana for community protection. 0000002053 00000 n These two concepts Gadaa-sets and Gadaa-grades are important to a clear understanding of Gadaa. In the Borana community, where many elements of the Gadaa system still exist, the assembly known as Gumi Gayyo (the assembly of multitudes) brings together every type of important living leaders, such as living Abba Gaddas, the qaallus, age-set councilors, clan leaders and Gadaa councilors, and other concerned individuals to make or amend or change laws and rules every eight years. Their time cuts across two consecutive supreme leaders and they serve and take instructions from both. Dabballe is unique and they have a special place in the Boran society. He was the leader of qandala (army) and was elected by the people. In this regard, due to the rigidity of the Gadaa principle, the moment a member of the family fails to stick to the rules of timing for legitimate procreation, the whole generational chain is brought out of step. The Borana age-set (hariyya) is an institution or organized on age and generational relationships. That is a son gets introduced to a specific Gadaa grade, which correlates to the Gadaa class of his father, and subsequently changes his grade every eight years as a member of his cohort. In nutshell, at the Raba Gadaa grade the following Gadaa executive bodies have to be constituted: The Executive officers (jaldhaba)comprising not less than six members; and. Moreover, they may be required to be assistants to the Gadaa Council in power. Like modern parliaments today this Borana parliament would summon sittings to make, repel or ensure that the laws were being followed. That of a lion which represents strength and domination (4); and. 2 0 obj After a few minutes, the head of the council arrives, the Abba Gada or 'father of Gada' as he was called in the Borana tongue. The class forms its own internal officials (adula hayyus) and its own assembly (yaaaa). There were four senior councilors in this assembly. There may be no refuge left for them in severe droughts. For example, certain areas, such as forests, were set aside as refuge during drought. [5][6] A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power only for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years. The Oromo society was structured in accordance with this Gada system. These elements pop up due to the fact that recruitment to an age-set requires, in systems like Gadaa, generational relationship and in connection with that issues like the time when a son may be initiated to the system and the interval between the father and son are inevitable. He takes a seat at the head of the council as he has done, for eight years, since the beginning of his rule. Abbaa Gadaa is another name for Abbaa Boku. rules are determined by Abba Gada (the leader of Oromo democratic institution named Gada in which Borana is one of the branches) together with council of elders or messengers of Abba Gada. It is an indigenous system of government where leaders are elected to position of authority through the will and active participation of the people they represent.For people who have studied the system and worked with the Gada Councilors, it is absolutely clear that Gada is a functioning democracy. 71ST Borana Oromo Tribe Abba Gada - medianorthkenya Kurraa Jarsso Diddo is the next Abba Gada in Borana Oromo Gada System of leadership,Kurraa will be in power for the period of 2017-2025. xZmoF a>JX4z9/n}PlVW?#z[ 33~|&YiG['>{X__qH:AB)pMu}:\_n}HVg%/W|-CL;Ok#dmm6U%Y+Y%Vv8:'qS#{B\=y! These three assemblies have to undertake ritual migrations throughout the Borana land during their period of administration.I came to know some of the Borana Gada Councilors when their Gada assemblies crossed over to the Liiban territory of the Borana land to perform ritual ceremonies in February 2003 Says Ibrahim. Oromo philosophy, art, and calendar are based on Gadaa as an expression of Oromo civilization. Hence the rightful son (ilma kormaa), elite children that are born during fatherhood stage, is the one born when his father is at fifth Gadaa grade, the Raba grade. Therefore, on one hand, the tradition of electing future leaders allows the de facto leaders become more skillful and prepared for public responsibilities. Corporal punishment of dabballe is strictly prohibited. .Married men could also participate or send representatives to the assembly. The class in power is headed by Abba Gadaa in Borana, Abba Bokku elsewhere. The other council-men bow in reverence. After a few minutes, the head of the council arrives, the Abba Gada or father of Gada as he was called in the Borana tongue. Historically, the gada system most likely started out as a system of age-sets. These councilors must pass through a rigorous training for years about the laws and the customs of Borana, and the wisdom of leading a society before they take the position of authority in Gada. The other Gada assemblies, Gada Hawattu and Gada Konnitu, are the assembly of leaders from Hawattu and Konnitu clan of Goona moiety of the Borana society.
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