linus pauling vitamin c, lysine protocol

(PubMed), 43. Higher SVCT-2 levels were associated with enhanced sensitivity to vitamin C in nine different breast cancer cell lines. (PubMed), 204. (PubMed), 91. The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. Linus Pauling is a hard guy to argue with. 1999;91(6):547-556. Reports since 1991 indicate that the Pauling Therapy works as a cure by itself, but in theory, Pauling's protocol makes an ideal oral adjunct to EDTA Chelation therapy and other more conventional therapies for all forms of cardiovascular disease, except intra . Evans RM, Currie L, Campbell A. (PubMed), 152. 2008;168(14):1493-1499. (PubMed), 66. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Vitamin C is depleted during and following cardiac surgery (134)and this might be due to the direct quenching of ROS, the regeneration of other antioxidants, and/or a massive synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) (135). Am J Clin Nutr. Leuk Lymphoma. These products are all Lp (a) binding inhibitors. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. JAMA. Bjog. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. Vitamin C is also a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions involved in the making of collagen, L-carnitine, and several neurotransmitters, and in the regulation of gene expression. (PubMed), 70. There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). 1976;73(10):3685-3689. Physiological availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. Carr AC, Rosengrave PC, Bayer S, Chambers S, Mehrtens J, Shaw GM. Additional studies have reported that vitamin C enhances the chemotactic and microbial killing capacities of neutrophils and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes (reviewed in 18). Ester-C should not be confused with ascorbyl palmitate, which is also marketed as "vitamin C ester" (see below). Michels AJ, Frei B. Myths, artifacts, and fatal flaws: identifying limitations and opportunities in vitamin C research. Approximately one-half of the cell lines tested were resistant to vitamin C cytotoxicity, a response associated with high levels of catalase activity. THERAPEUTIC: Pauling recommended that those who have had a heart attack or stroke should take at least 6 or more grams of vitamin C and 4 to 6 grams of lysine. Vitamin C in health and disease. Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). It is not clear whether vitamin C given parenterally could diminish or increase the efficacy of chemotherapy drugsin particular, akylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, busulfan), antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, bleomycin), and arsenic trioxide. Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage(12-14). Finally, supplemental vitamin C may increase blood estrogen concentrations in women using oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy (200). 2001;345(22):1583-1592. Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. 2013;173(5):386-388. A phase I study in nine patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer showed that millimolar concentrations of plasma vitamin C could be reached safely when administered in conjunction with the cancer chemotherapy drugs, gemcitabine and erlotinib (168). Science. Contents Summary Function Playing in immunity Bioavailability Deficiency Aforementioned RDA Disease Prevention Cardio-vascular disease Cancer Print 2 diabetes mellitus Adverse pregnancy outcomes 2004;27(4):925-930. Adv Nutr. (PubMed), 149. Large doses of vitamin C may block the action of warfarin and thus lower its effectiveness. Information regarding vitamin C and the prevention of chronic disease is based on both observational prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials(29, 37). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press; 2006:105-111. While these NIH studies are the best we currently have regarding the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C in the human body, they have numerous limitations, including the fact that they are based on a small number of young, healthy men and women. Vitamin C treatment substantially reduced the incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury, as assessed by a reduction in the concentrations of two markers of myocardial injury, namely creatine kinase and troponin-I (131). If you wish to check foods for their vitamin C content, search USDA's FoodData Central. When the results of the Womens Antioxidant Vitamin Estrogen (WAVE) trial were reanalyzed based on Hp genotype, antioxidant therapy (1,000 mg/day of vitamin C + 800 IU/day of vitamin E) was associated with improvement of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic women with Hp1-1 genotype but worsening of coronary atherosclerosis in those carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (148). Johnston CS. 2011;63(9):1295-1306. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. 1982;47(3):473-482. The Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function [VCSIP] study is an ongoing trial designed to confirm these preliminary observations using more accurate measurements of pulmonary function in a larger sample of women randomized to receive supplemental vitamin C or placebo (96). 307 Linus Pauling Science Center 2. 2016;94(3):e170-176. Vitamin C also prevented the rise of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoresused to assess severity of illness and risk of mortalityobserved in placebo-treated patients (154). In a small, longitudinal biomarker study in 32 individuals with probable AD, a higher CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio at baseline was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline at one year of follow-up (103). Supplementation with vitamin C had no effect on the overall risk of cancer or on the risk of prostate, bladder, or pancreatic cancer; there was a marginal reduction in colorectal cancer incidence with vitamin C compared to placebo (82). Additionally, several cross-sectional studies reported inverse associations between circulating vitamin C concentrations and markers of insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (50, 85, 86). The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. Another meta-analysis of trials found no effect of vitamins E and C, alone or in combination, on measures of -cell function and insulin resistance(146). Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. (PubMed), 75. Pal J, Sanal MG, Gopal GJ. Ann Oncol. 2003;31(4):1250-1256. (PubMed), 59. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2003 by: Barbara Delage, Ph.D. 195. Intravenous vitamin C and cancer: a systematic review. (PubMed), 30. Andres M, Sivera F, Falzon L, Buchbinder R, Carmona L. Dietary supplements for chronic gout. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;170(2 Pt 1):397-401. Vitamin-C as anti-Helicobacter pylori agent: More prophylactic than curative- Critical review. The lack of Vitamin C is a deficiency disease called Scurvy. 2012;52(9):815-829. 1999;13(9):1007-1024. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. Nutrients. A 2012 meta-analysis of 29 trials found no effect of oral vitamin C, given alone or in combination with other antioxidants, on all-cause mortality (127). In the Swedish Mammography Cohort, overweight women who consumed an average of 110 mg/day of vitamin C had a 39% lower risk of breast cancer compared to overweight women who consumed an average of 31 mg/day (66). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. (PubMed), 140. (PubMed), 19. 2014;235(1):9-20. In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. Liebman M, Chai WW, Harvey E, Boenisch L. Effect of supplemental ascorbate and orange juice on urinary oxalate. 2004;140(7):533-537. The trial did not examine the effect of vitamin C on other outcomes associated with gout (122). 2017;151(6):1229-1238. Carr AC, Vissers MC. Results from another study by the same investigators suggested that vitamin C could not prevent the oxidation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol by glycated Hb-Hp2-2 complexes in vitro nor restore impaired HDL function in diabetic mice carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (149). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;5(2):94-100. An analysis that combined data from three, large, independent prospective cohorts, (1) Nurses Health Study 1 (NHS1; 88,540 women, median age 49 years); (2) Nurses Health Study 2 (NHS2; 97,315 women, median age 36 years); and (3) Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 37,375 men, median age 52 years), found no association between the level of vitamin C intake and risk of developing hypertension (40). Breast Cancer Res Treat. Vitamin C affects several components of the human immune system in vitro; for example, vitamin C has been shown to stimulate both the production (5-9)and function (10, 11)of leukocytes (white blood cells), especially neutrophils, lymphocytes, and phagocytes. In his Unified Theory, Linus Pauling often recommended 3,000 to 5,000 mg per day as an effective dose. (PubMed), 81. Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. A 2013 meta-analysis of 53 placebo-controlled trials evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence, duration, or severity of the common cold when taken as a continuous daily supplement (43 trials) or as therapy upon onset of cold symptoms (10 trials) (178). (PubMed), 119. Lower vitamin C concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain extracellular matrix of a mouse model of AD were found to increase oxidative stress and accelerate amyloid deposition and disease progression (98). Linus Pauling Institute Arlt S, Muller-Thomsen T, Beisiegel U, Kontush A. (PubMed), 169 Riordan HD, Casciari JJ, Gonzalez MJ, et al. Liu C, Russell RM. Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). Hu X, Yuan L, Wang H, et al. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. 2003;90(2):148-154. 32. Hammoud AO, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Schild C, Krapp M, Baumann P. Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study. By pooling data from 13 prospective cohort studies comprising 676,141 participants, it was determined that dietary intake of vitamin C was not associated with colon cancer, while total intake of vitamin C (i.e., from food and supplements) was associated with a 19% reduced risk of colon cancer (79). Hendler SS, Rorvik DM. (PubMed), 176. Of note, a subgroup analysis in one of the meta-analyses showed a reduction of post-operative atrial fibrillation with vitamin C in non US-based trials (10 trials) but no effect of vitamin C in US-based trials (5 trials) (140). 2012;66(5):561-568. In both the Japanese (57)and EPIC-Norfolk (58)populations, blood vitamin C concentrations were highly correlated with fruit and vegetable intake. 2013(1):Cd000980. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. Periprocedural myocardial injury that occurs in up to one-third of patients undergoing otherwise uncomplicated angioplasty increases the risk of morbidity and mortality at follow-up. No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. P R Health Sci J. The lively 92-year-old first gave a candid history of how he came to take up the vitamin C cause. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. (PubMed), 28. A meta-analysis of 29 small randomized controlled trials of short durations (median duration, 8 weeks) in 1,407 participants (10 to 120 subjects per trial; including both normotensive and hypertensive subjects) found that daily supplementation with 60 to 4,000 mg of vitamin C (median dose, 500 mg) reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.84 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.48 mm Hg (45). Acta Ophthalmol. *Monooxygenases catalyze the hydroxylation of one substrate, whereas dioxygenases catalyze a reaction that couples the hydroxylation of a specific substrate with the conversion (decarboxylation) of -ketoglutarate into succinate. Relationship between oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural damage in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardioplegic arrest/reperfusion. "Vitamin C" Vitamin C and Cancer - Dr. Linus Pauling - How To Live Longer and Feel Better - Vitamin C Dr. Linus Pauling and Dr. Abram HofferVitamin C, Vita. A 15-year follow-up of about 2,500 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study found that higher plasma vitamin C and a higher diet quality score were independently associated with a reduced risk of developing hypertension (44). 2011;26(3):309-318. Scientific studies investigating vitamin C efficacy to prevent or treat disease need to assess baseline vitamin C status before embarking on an intervention or statistical analysis (22, 29-31). Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). Matsuzawa Y, Kwon TG, Lennon RJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Prognostic value of flow-mediated vasodilation in brachial artery and fingertip artery for cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Levine M, Padayatty SJ, Espey MG. Vitamin C: a concentration-function approach yields pharmacology and therapeutic discoveries. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. New York: Macel Dekker, Inc.; 1997:309-322. (PubMed), 162. You can achieve a higher volume [concentration] in the blood by a larger intake, but you get much better improvement for the first 250 mg than for additional grams." Decreased vitamin C concentrations in the lens of the eye have been associated with increased severity of cataracts (108). Whether any increase in oxalate levels would translate to an elevation in risk for kidney stones has been examined in several epidemiological studies. (PubMed), 208. (PubMed), 191. At this time, avoidance of vitamin C deficiency or insufficiency, rather than supplementation in replete individuals, seems prudent for the promotion of healthy brain aging (101). Potential mechanisms of action for vitamin C in cancer: reviewing the evidence. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. Arch Neurol. The European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective cohort study investigated the relationship between vitamin C status and incident heart failure in healthy adults (9,187 men and 11,112 women, aged 58.1+/-9.2 years) (49). It may involve the production of high levels of hydrogen peroxide, selectively toxic to cancer cells (22, 160-162), or the deactivation of hypoxia inducible factor, a prosurvival transcription factor that protects cancer cells from various forms of stress (159, 163, 164). 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Fritz H, Flower G, Weeks L, et al. Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Ljung H, Bruce A, Wolk A. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. After approximately four years of follow-up in 19,496 men and women (ages 45-79 years), a dose-response relationship was observed such that each 20 mol/L increase in plasma vitamin C was associated with an estimated 20% risk reduction in all-cause mortality. This highlights the fact that limitations associated with dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires may be overcome by using biomarkers of nutrient intake (50, 51). J Pharm Biomed Anal. The dosage of vitamin C was set too low, at one tenth the dosage recommended by the Linus Pauling protocol, and lysine was not provided. 2012(3):Cd007176. The recommended dietary calcium intake for adults is 1,000 to 1,200 mg/day. South Med J. Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. (PubMed), 4 Young JI, Zuchner S, Wang G. Regulation of the epigenome by vitamin C. Annu Rev Nutr. Carr A, Frei B. This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). 2012;95(5):1079-1088. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the heart muscle's oxygen supply is restored might be an important contributor to myocardial damage occurring at reperfusion (133). Mineral salts of vitamin C are considered less acidic than vitamin C and therefore are considered "buffered." Science. However, in test tube experiments, vitamin C can interact with some free metal ions and lead to the generation of potentially damaging free radicals. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. cholesterol. It is not known whether supplemental vitamin C could improve markers of glycemic control in subjects at risk of diabetes. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Current evidence of the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in cancer patients is limited to observational studies, uncontrolled interventions, and case reports(174, 175). Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). Int J Clin Pract. While the Sesso study showed no mortality benefit, many previous studies such as the Enstrom Study showed a striking 40% reduction in all-cause mortality over 6 years from the same 500 mg daily vitamin C . Take 6,000 to 18,000 mg of vitamin C as ascorbic acid daily (some of the vitamin may be taken as sodium ascorbate) up to bowel tolerance (6 to 18 g). Nutrients. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: a secondary analysis. (PubMed), 57. The dietary fructose: vitamin C intake ratio is associated with hyperuricemia in African-American adults. Urate crystals may form in joints, resulting in inflammation and pain, as well as in the kidneys and urinary tract, resulting in kidney stones. (PubMed). An intervention trial in 75 adult male smokers found that supplementation with 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C resulted in significantly lower blood lead concentration over a four-week treatment period compared to placebo(184). Thus, individuals suffering from certain diseases may require substantially larger amounts of vitamin C to achieve optimum body levels or derive therapeutic benefits, areas that were of great interest to Linus Pauling and need to be further explored. Sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are the most common forms, although a number of other mineral ascorbates are available. Hansen SN, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. (PubMed), 74. (PubMed), 27. Flavonoids are a class of water-soluble plant pigments that are often found in vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruit and berries (see the article on Flavonoids). (PubMed), 64. Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. (PubMed), 23. HIF-dependent antitumorigenic effect of antioxidants in vivo. Because maximizing blood concentrations of vitamin C may be important in protecting against oxidative damage to cells and biological molecules, a vitamin C intake of at least 400 mg daily might benefit older adults who are at higher risk for chronic diseases caused, in part, by oxidative damage, such as heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, and cataract. The role of vitamin C as a cofactor is also related to its redox potential. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. The Pauling therapy is a combination of the specific orthomolecular nutrients - ascorbic acid, lysine and proline - that are proven to combat coronary heart disease at the specific dosages recommended by Linus Pauling. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. Specific measures of functions stimulated by vitamin C include cellular motility (10), chemotaxis(10, 11), and phagocytosis(11). (PubMed), 110. 2017;21(1):300. Stamp LK, O'Donnell JL, Frampton C, Drake JM, Zhang M, Chapman PT. (PubMed), 164. In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). 2011;42(6):1665-1672. 2007;12(3):230-238. Linus Pauling Institute 20th Anniversary ed. [Your name] is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University. 2001;98(17):9842-9846. A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2015;10(12):e0144920. Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Pullar JM, Simcock JW, Vissers MC. 21. However, no difference in the infarct size between antioxidant vitamin treatment and placebo was seen (138). Vitamin C. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. However, cases have occurred in children and the elderly on very restricted diets (33, 34). Periprocedural myocardial injury: Coronary angioplasty (also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) is a nonsurgical procedure for treating obstructive coronary heart disease (CHD), including unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and multivessel CHD. Pauling L. Vitamin C therapy and advanced cancer (letter). Website https://www.paulingtherapy.comPauling Therapy for Heart Disease:-Vitamin C 12,000 mg-Lysine 6,000 mg-Proline 2,000 mg PLoS One. 1996;155(6):1847-1851. (PubMed), 86. 6 Kennes B, Dumont I, Brohee D, Hubert C, Neve P. Effect of vitamin C supplements on cell-mediated immunity in old people. A vitamin C deficiency equals a collagen deficiency. 2007;6:41. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) study. Vitamin C intake from diary recordings and risk of breast cancer in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. Gut. They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Hepatogastroenterology. Originally written in 2000 by: Twenty-five years. Khodaeian M, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Qorbani M, Farzadfar F, Amini P, Larijani B. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study. Oncologist. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. A 2014 meta-analysis of 44 randomized controlled trials in subjects with or without chronic diseases summarized the effect of supplemental vitamin C on endothelial function by measuring FMD (19 studies), assessing forearm blood flow (20 studies), or by pulse wave analysis (5 trials) (39). 2011;51(5):1068-1084. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. 2017;16(1):103. Neurochem Res. Davis JL, Paris HL, Beals JW, et al. 2013;106(5):310-315. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. 2009;56(5):764-770. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). (PubMed), 185. For a more detailed discussion on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see the article,The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. Severe vitamin C deficiency has been known for many centuries as the potentially fatal disease, scurvy. Early Hum Dev. A history of scurvy and vitamin C. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Recent Advances in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Stroke. Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. Kositsawat J, Freeman VL. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food . These enzymes contribute to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by catalyzing reactions involved in the demethylation of DNA and histones. J Res Pharm Pract. 2005;102(38):13604-13609. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? The tendency to exhibit elevated blood uric acid concentrations and develop gout is often inherited; however, dietary and lifestyle modification may be helpful in both the prevention and treatment of gout (116). J Transl Med. Disparate results are likely due to study design issues, often linked to a lack of understanding of vitamin C pharmacokinetics and requirements (19, 20). Levy AP, Friedenberg P, Lotan R, et al. Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Cardiovasc Res. Only one large trial in more than 14,000 older men participating in the Physicians Health Study II (PHS II) reported on cardiovascular outcomes. Roberts LJ, 2nd, Traber MG, Frei B. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in men. Natural and synthetic L-ascorbic acid are chemically identical and there are no known differences regarding biological activities or bioavailability(186). (PubMed), 168. Environ Health Perspect. Curr Opin Rheumatol. (PubMed), 121. Because oxalate is a metabolite of vitamin C, there is some concern that high vitamin C intake could increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. A pilot clinical study of continuous intravenous ascorbate in terminal cancer patients. They demonstrated in guinea pigs, which do not internally produce vitamin C as most other mammals do, that lipoprotein-a take the place of ascorbate (vitamin C) in arterial walls, weakening them . Saag KG, Choi H. Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. Yet, most studies were small and of short duration and thus did not assess the consequence of long-term use of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of vascular complications in diabetic patients. Of note, it is possible that genetic differences among diabetic patients influence the effect of vitamin C supplementation on cardiovascular risk. J Infect Dis. Due to the pharmacokinetics and tight regulation of plasma vitamin C, supplementation with vitamin C will have variable effects in vitamin C-replete (plasma concentrations near saturation) versus sub-optimal (plasma concentrations <50 mol/L), marginally deficient (plasma concentrations <23 mol/L), or severely deficient (plasma concentrations <11 mol/L) individuals (28). (PubMed), 151. 2013;177(6):548-555. (PubMed), 198. It is also a common post-cardiac surgery complication, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (e.g., heart failure, stroke) and mortality. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. (PubMed), 87. Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J. Oregon State University, Updated in November 2013 by: Goodman M, Bostick RM, Kucuk O, Jones DP. Cell Mol Life Sci. It is produced as a protection mechanism by our bodies to protect us from bleeding out from damaged arteries, caused by a vitamin C deficiency and intrinsically low-level scurvy. 2010;3(2):221-229. Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). (PubMed), 166. Accessed 7/2/18. On the other hand, when plasma vitamin C concentration was measured, cross-sectional studies have consistently indicated an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and blood pressure in both men and women (41-43). The Physicians Health Study II was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that examined the effect of vitamin E (400 IU/day), vitamin C (500 mg/day), and a multivitamin supplement on the risk of cancer in 14,641 middle-aged male physicians over 10.3 years (7.6 years of active treatment plus 2.8 years post-treatment follow-up) (82).

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