Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Amad, Ab al-Qsim Muammad ibn Abd Allh ibn Abd al-Mualib ibn Hshim, Associate Professor of Islamic Studies, University of Oxford. Muslims also celebrate other holidays, such as the Islamic New Year and the birth of Muhammad. Mullah or Mawlana are Islamic clergy who have studied the Qur'an and the Hadith and are considered experts on related religious matters in this religion. In 622, they headed to Medina, another oasis town, where they were promised freedom to practice their religion. Accounts of the ascension (mi'raj) of Muhammad have captured the imaginations of writers and painters for centuries. Islam, or submission to the will of Allah, is the second largest religion in the world, with around 1.9 billion followers. After the Prophet's Death: Emergence of Shi'i and Sunni Sects of Islam This Arabic word has different meanings, depending on the context, and can be translated as lord (or owner), companion, or friend. WebCaliph is the term for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. Shaykh/Shaykha: spiritual leader (usually male, occasionally female), especially of a Sufi Circle. The controversial term radical Islam has become a well-known label to describe the religions connection to acts of violence. Muhammad gave amnesty to many of the Meccan leaders who had opposed him and pardoned many others. Webt. [38] In the Zaidi Shiite sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in Yemen for more than a thousand years. The Quran (or Koran) is the major holy text of Islam. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Muhammad Zaki Badawi, from the United Kingdom Shaikh Mohammed Aboulkhair Zaki Badawi KBE was a famous Egyptian Islamic scholar, community organizer, and advocate for interfaith communication who served on the Elijah Board of World Religious Leaders. Nonetheless, some accretion of popular legend around a figure as seminal as Muhammad would be entirely expected. Muslims believe he was the final prophet sent by God to reveal their faith to mankind. One night, while the Prophet was sleeping, the Archangel Gabriel came and led him on a journey. This journey became known as the Hijra (also spelled Hegira or Hijrah), and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Muhammad was the prophet and founder of Islam. Today, the faith is spreading rapidly throughout the world. 0 Soon, Muhammad began to gather a small following, initially encountering no opposition. This faith-based code of conduct directs Muslims on how they should live in nearly every aspect of their lives. endstream endobj startxref Despite the long-running nature of the Sunni-Shia divide, the fact that the two sects coexisted in relative peace for many centuries suggests their struggles may have less to do with religion than with wealth and power. He concluded a truce with Mecca in 628 but later forced it to submit. At stake was not only control of Muhammads religious and political legacy, but also a great deal of money, in the form of taxes and tributes paid by the various tribes united under the banner of Islam. In the broader sense, it refers to those who have studied a broad range of essentially Islamic disciplines for several years, for example the hadith and the muhaddith. In Medina, Muhammad continued to receive divine revelations and built an ever-expanding community around the new faith. Saturday, 29 Apr 2023. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Nazaruddin Abdul Hamed/EyeEm/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/topics/religion/islam, The word Islam means submission to the will of God.. Most of the biographical information that the Islamic tradition preserves about Muhammad thus occurs outside the Qurn, in the so-called srah (Arabic: biography) literature. Some Orientalists wrote the title as Khalf. However, Shia tradition states he welcomed the message from the Angel Gabriel and was deeply inspired to share his experience with other potential believers. At other times the position was inherited, as with the Yaruba dynasty from 1624 and 1742. For a time, the influence and status of his wife and his uncle, Abu Talib, the chief of the clan, protected Muhammad from persecution. In addition to Karbala, the NPR podcast Throughline identified three key milestones that would sharpen Sunni-Shia divisions by the end of the 20th century. The concept of Imam has its origins in the Quran. Muslims follow five basic pillars that are essential to their faith. Most of his early life was spent as a merchant. The rift between these two factions has resulted in differences in worship as well as political and religious views. I dont get!!!!!) This system of leadership, which was run by a Muslim ruler, became known as a caliphate. In 622, Muhammad traveled from Mecca to Medina with his supporters. [1] The title was also used by the Zaidi Shia Imams of Yemen, who eventually founded the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (19181970). The crescent moon and star has been adopted in some predominantly Muslim countries as a symbol of Islam, though the crescent moon and star image is believed to pre-date Islam and was originally a symbol of the Ottoman Empire. He belonged to a poor but respectable family of the Quraysh tribe. For example, the punishment for theft is amputating a persons hand. In his early teens, Muhammad worked in a camel caravan, following in the footsteps of many people his age, born of meager wealth. At least to historians who are reluctant to admit reports of divine intervention, the problem is reinforced by the miraculous elements of some of the material included in Ibn Isqs work. WebDr. From that point forward, Muhammad was ostracized in Mecca. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When he was roughly forty, Muhammad began having visions and hearing voices. A mihrab is a decorative feature or niche in the mosque that indicates the direction to Mecca, and therefore the direction to face during prayer. By 630 he had unified most of Arabia under a single religion. Eventually the Sunni majority (named for sunna, or tradition) won out, and chose Muhammads close friend Abu Bakr to become the first caliph, or leader, of the Islamic community. WebImam: prayer leader; may also function as a spiritual advisor and expert in Islamic Law. Any Muslim with sufficient knowledge may lead prayers or perform rituals such as weddings or funerals. Sharia law requires men and women to dress modestly. The town of Mecca was an important trading and religious center, home to many temples and worship sites where the devoted prayed to the idols of these gods. Hence, even if one accepts that the Qurnic corpus authentically documents the preaching of Muhammad, taken by itself it simply does not provide sufficient information for even a concise biographical sketch. One faction, the Shi'a, believed that only individuals with direct lineage to the Prophet could guide the Muslim community righteously. Compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other Abrahamic faiths, Islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. Islam teaches that Allahs word was revealed to the prophet, Muslims believe several prophets were sent to teach Allahs law. Increasingly, the resistance to Muhammed and his followers grew and they were eventually forced to emigrate from Mecca to Medina, a city 260 miles to the north in 622. $N3h`gM|8IXP__vGw!]@r H310pUq1|bT 0 G$ Muhammad was a prophet and founder of Islam. Corrections? e. Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. He spent his entire life in what is now the country of Saudi Arabia, from his birth about 570 CE in Mecca to his death in 632 in Medina. These are sometimes linked with place-names, such as the passing reference to a victory at a place called Badr at 3:123. These portrayals, while somewhat rare, are not unheard of as there were (and still are) many different attitudes toward depicting the Prophet, and humans in general, in the Islamic world. Here follows a list of the Twelvers Shia imams: Fatimah, also Fatimah al-Zahraa, daughter of Muhammed (615632), is also considered infallible but not an Imam. In Islam, an Imam is a religious leader who often leads congregational prayers in a mosque. Recent surveys have found that in countries with high Muslim populations, the majority of Muslims have overwhelmingly negative views of terrorist groups like ISIS. Some Orientalists wrote the title as Khalf. See List of rulers of Oman, the Rustamid dynasty: 776909, Nabhani dynasty: 11541624, the Yaruba dynasty: 16241742, the Al Said: 1744present for further information. Though the two main sects within Islam, Sunni and Shia, agree on most of the fundamental beliefs and practices of Islam, a bitter split between the two goes back some 14 centuries. Ayatollah (Arabic: ; Persian: ) is a high title given to major Shia clergymen. He died on June 8, 632, at the age of 62, and was buried at al-Masjid an-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) one of the first mosques built by Muhammad in Medina. The titles of Ayatollah and Grand Ayatollah exist only in the Shiite sect of Islam. The Religion of the Ancestors of the Prophets & Imams, Faith in the Message of the Holy Prophet [s]. %%EOF Some titles for traditional Islamic leaders include Caliph, Imam, Sheikh, Mufti, Mujtahid and Allamah. WebSunnis revere all four caliphs, while Shi'is regard 'Ali as the first spiritual leader. Sunni-Shia divisions would fuel a long-running civil war in Syria, fighting in Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Yemen and elsewhere, and terrorist violence on both sides. WebIslamic religious leaders by nationality (20 C) A. Ayatollahs (8 C, 14 P) C. Caliphs (28 C, 4 P) Muslim clergy (3 C, 1 P) F. Female Islamic religious leaders (3 C, 28 P) G. Grand Muftis (30 C, 15 P) I. Imams (10 C, 12 P) M. Marja' (3 P) Religious leaders of the medieval Islamic world (9 C) Some Orientalists wrote the title as Khalf. They were afraid that trade, which they believed was protected by the pagan gods, would suffer. In 897, a Zaidi ruler, al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, founded a line of such imams, a theocratic form of government which survived until the second half of the 20th century. After the conflict with Mecca was finally settled, Muhammad took his first true Islamic pilgrimage to that city and in March, 632, he delivered his last sermon at Mount Arafat. In Islam, an Imam is a religious leader who often leads congregational prayers in a mosque. WebMuhammad was the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurn, Islams sacred scripture. The most famous site was the Kaaba (meaning cube in Arabic). Upon his return to Medina to his wifes home, he fell ill for several days. The following section will nonetheless provide a concise digest mainly of Ibn Isqs version of the life of the Prophet. Ayatollah means "sign of God"; those who carry it are considered experts in Islamic studies. From the Sphinx of Egypt to the Kama Sutra, explore ancient history videos. On one of these occasions, the Archangel Gabriel (Jibra'il in Arabic) appeared to him and instructed him to recite "in the name of [your] lord." (See details under Zaidiyyah, History of Yemen, Imams of Yemen.):). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The fact that such biographical narratives about Muhammad are encountered only in texts dating from the 8th or 9th century or even later is bound to raise the problem of how confident one can be in the srah literatures claim to relay accurate historical information. Nation of Islam: This mostly African-American, Sunni sect was founded in the 1930s in Detroit, Michigan. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. It is used as an honorific in Sunni Islam as well as in Shia Islam. OTP entered does not match. The Hijra In recent years, Islams supposed association with terrorism and mass murder has sparked a political debate in many countries. Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. Early Life While Shia represent the majority of the population in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain and Azerbaijan and a plurality in Lebanon, Sunnis are the majority in more than 40 other countries, from Morocco to Indonesia. WebLeadership. Spreading the Message of Islam Sunni Islam does not have imams in the same sense as the Shi'a, an important distinction often overlooked by those outside of the Islamic religion. The person that should be chosen, according to Hadith, is one who has most knowledge of the Quran and Sunnah (prophetic tradition) and is of good character. Shias consider the term to be only applicable to the members and descendents of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Some seven years later, Muhammad and his many followers returned to Mecca and conquered the region. They respect some of the same prophets as. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. He usually is the person who performs the athan. WebDr. In everyday terms, an imam for Sunni Muslims is the one who leads Islamic formal (Fard) prayers, even in locations besides the mosque, whenever prayers are done in a group of two or more with one person leading (imam) and the others following by copying his ritual actions of worship. For instance, unlike many earlier Western accounts, no attempt will be made to remove supernatural elements from the narrative in the interest of transforming it into an account that appears plausible by modern historiographical standards. His strong monotheistic message angered many of the Meccan merchants. Muhammad was the prophet and founder of Islam. When Umar was assassinated six years after being named caliph, Uthman, Muhammads son-in-law, took the role. WebLeadership. However, the text provides no dates for any of the historical events it alludes to, and almost none of the Qurnic messengers contemporaries are mentioned by name (a rare exception is at 33:37). Most of his early life was spent as a merchant. Muhammad was born into the most powerful tribe in Mecca, the Quraish, around 570 A.D. In its narrow sense it refers to scholars of Islamic Jurisprudence. hbbd```b``@$kf/`qF0 &H0 Allamah is a leader for the Islamic faith. Islam started in Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia, during the time of the prophet Muhammads life. Noble Imperial Sheik is the title for the Grand Imam of Al Hakika Mizaan Mizaani Sufi Order. A validation e-mail has been sent to your e-mail address. Moreover, some of the narratives in question are patently adaptations of biblical motifs designed to present Muhammad as equal or superior to earlier prophetic figures such as Moses and Jesus. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! (There are dozens of these guys out there and evangelicals, even the minorities in the space, are missing a massive opportunity. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Only a male person is called with this appellation. 30 Apr 2023 20:48:23 What are the scholarly sources of Muhammads biography? Allamah is an honorary and prestigious title carried by only the very highest scholars of Islamic thought, jurisprudence, and philosophy. Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Mohammed, World History Encyclopedia - Prophet Muhammad, Muhammad - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Muhammad - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He continued to preach until his death in 632. (Traditionally, a congregations Imam is a man; a woman may serve as prayer leader for a women-only gathering.) Islam does not have an ordained clergy with authority over rites and rituals. Most tribes were polytheistic, worshipping their own set of gods. Some mosques have specific places for the adhan to be made from, such as a minaret or a designated area in the mosque. Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Biography according to the Islamic tradition, Status in the Qurn and in post-Qurnic Islam. Sunnis make up nearly 90 percent of Muslims worldwide. (There are dozens of these guys out there and evangelicals, even the minorities in the space, are missing a massive opportunity. He is usually said to have had 14 wives or concubines during his lifetime. The Caliph has often been referred to as Ameer al-Mumineen ( ), has been defunct since the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1924. After they died, however, Muhammad's situation in Mecca became dire. The following 27 pages are in this category, out of 27 total. WebMuhammad was the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurn, Islams sacred scripture. These attitudes varied dramatically from region to region and throughout history; the societies that produced the works discussed here are among those that allowed the depiction of the Prophet. Born in Mecca about 570 CE, Muhammad married a wealthy widow, Khadjah, in 595. Most people in Mecca either ignored him or mocked him as just another prophet. Islam, or submission to the will of Allah, is the second largest religion in the world, with around 1.9 billion followers. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Muhammad and his followers then proceeded to destroy all of the statues of pagan gods in and around the Kaaba. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Islam does not have an ordained clergy with authority over rites and rituals. At the same time, the nature of the sources is not such as to inspire confidence that we possess historically certain knowledge about the Prophets life that is as detailed as many earlier scholars tended to assume. You will need to follow the instructions in that message in order to gain full access to the site. After the holy Qur'an, the sayings of the Prophet (hadith) and descriptions of his way of life (sunna) are the most important Muslim texts. At times, the imams were elected. Several Iranian places and institutions are named "Imam Khomeini", including a city, an international airport, a hospital, and a university. WebSunnis revere all four caliphs, while Shi'is regard 'Ali as the first spiritual leader. Gradually the people of Mecca turned to polytheism and idolatry. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, lead prayers, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance. Islam also spread throughout areas in Europe, Africa, and Asia. They thought that 'Ali, Muhammad's closest surviving blood male relative, should be their next leader (caliph). I dont get!!!!!) endstream endobj 152 0 obj <>/Metadata 8 0 R/PageLabels 148 0 R/Pages 149 0 R/StructTreeRoot 16 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 153 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 149 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/Pattern<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 154 0 obj <>stream Major mosques usually have a person who is called the "servant of the mosque". WebImam: prayer leader; may also function as a spiritual advisor and expert in Islamic Law. ALOR SETAR: The people must not be misled by leaders who sow hatred by using race and religion for their own benefits, says Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim. In the final major confrontation, The Battle of the Trench and Siege of Medina, Muhammad and his followers prevailed and a treaty was signed. Religious leaders of the medieval Islamic world, List of Naqshbandi saints from Allo Mahar, Sayyid Abdurahman Imbichikoya Thangal Al-Aydarusi Al-Azhari, List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Islamic_religious_leaders&oldid=1128317469, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 December 2022, at 14:14. After his clan withdrew its protection, he fled to Medina in 622 and repulsed two attacks by Meccan forces in 625 and 627. The rise of Islam is intrinsically linked with the Prophet Muhammad, believed by Muslims to be the last in a long line of prophets that includes Moses and Jesus.
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